KHULAFA-E-RAASHIDEEN
Since this treatise is a book on the lives of the Chishti Silsilah, the logical demand is to narrate the life of Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah) after Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) because in this Silsilah appears Hadhrat Ali’s name after the name of Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم). Nevertheless, something of the lives of the other three Khulafaa-e-Raashideen will be presented because, in reality, the tazkarah (discussion) of the Khulafaa-e-Raashideen is supplementary to the tazkarah of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). In fact, it is the closing chapter of a discussion on Rasulullah’s life.
According to some Masha-ikh the three Khulafaa (radhiyallahu anhum) play an important role in the spiritual and moral excellencies of Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah), the Head of Tariqat. Furthermore, these Masha-ikh also narrate the medium of the Khulafa-e-Rashideen in the Salaasil-e-Ar’ba’ (the Four Chains of Tasawwuf). It is, therefore, considered appropriate to present brief discussions of the three Khulafa before commencing the name-sequence of this treatise (i.e. the sequence of the Masha-ikh as their names appear in the Chain mentioned on page 10.
HADHRAT ABU BAKR SIDDIQUE (رضئ الله عنه )
After the demise of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) his vicegerency in every respect devolved to Hadhrat Abu Bakr Siddique (radhiyallahu anhu). By virtue of the Bay’t (Oath of Allegiance) of the Muhaajireen and Ansaar, he was appointed the Khalifah. While Qur’aanic verses allude to Hadhrat Abu Bakr’s khilaafat, the Ahaadith of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) in this regard are explicit.
The Hadith,
“Allah and the Mu’mineen refuse to accept (anyone) but Abu Bakr.”,is explicit on the issue of Abu Bark’s succession. The most important consideration in this regard is the total accord between the hearts of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) and Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu). This has been stated clearly by Hafiz Ibn Hajr (rahmatullah alayh). – Laami’, Vol. 2, page 452. Numerous incidents bear testimony to the mutual accord and unity of their hearts, e.g. the anecdote of Abul Hatheem’s invitation which has already been explained a few pages earlier. Also on the occasion of Hudaibiyyah, the answers which Hadhrat Abu Bakr gave to the questions of Hadhrat Umar were the same as those given by Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) although he (Abu Bakr) was not aware thereof. Regarding the captives of Badr, the opinion of Hadhrat Abu Bakr conformed to the opinion of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم).
The description of Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) given by Ibn Daghna conforms to the description of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) given by Hadhrat Khadijah (radhiyallahu anha).
In addition to these clear indications of his succession, Hadhrat Abu Bakr’s khilaafat was established by the popular Bay’t of the Sahaabah after the demise of Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم).
According to the most authoritative version, his name was Abdullah. During the time of Jaahiliyyah his name was Abdul Ka’bah. Some say that his name was Ateeq. However, the reliable version is that Ateeq was his title.
His genealogical tree is:
Abdullah the son of Abu Quhafah, the son of Amir, the son of Amr, the son of Ka’b, the son of Tameem, the son of Murrah, the son of Ka’b, the son of Luway, the son of Ghalibil Qurshi Taimi.
The lineage of Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) meets with that of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) in Murrah Bin Ka’b.
The name of his father, Abu Quhafah was Uthman who embraced Islam in the 8th year of Nubuwwat at the age of 90 years.
Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) is known by a variety of titles. According to Hadhrat Aishah (radhiyallahu anha), while house-folk would call him Abdullah, he was generally known by the title, Ateeq. Some say that he was called Ateeq because of his handsomeness. Others say that on account of his eagerness for virtue he was named Ateeq. Another view is that he is called so because his lineage was free from the slightest blemish. According to the narration of Tirmizi, the reason for the title of Ateeq is the announcement of his salvation from Jahannam.
His famous title, however, is Siddique. There is difference of opinion regarding the occasion when he was awarded this title. According to some, he was known by this blessed title even during the time of Jaahiliyyah because of his outstanding quality of truthfulness. However, the well-known version is that on the occasion of Mir’aaj, Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) was apprehensive about people acknowledging the truth of this miraculous journey. Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) assured Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) that Abu Bakr will acknowledge its truth because he is a Siddique.
In Taafikhul Khulafa is recorded the narration of Mustadrak in which Nazal Bin Subrah said:
“We asked Ali regarding Abu Bakr. He said: ‘He is a man who was given the title of Siddique by Allah via the agency of Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) and Muhammad (صلى الله عايه وسالم); in Salaat he was the representative of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). The man whom Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) chose for our Deen (i.e. Salaat), we chose for our Dunya (Khilaafat).”
According to Tibrani, Hakeem Bin Sa’d narrated that Hadhrat Ali (radhiyallahu anhu) took an oath that the title Siddique was revealed by Allah from the heavens for Abu Bakr.
Abu Bakr’s Acceptance of Islam
Among the first persons to accept Islam was Hadhrat Abu Bakr Siddique (radhiyallahu anhu). When he presented himself to Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) for accepting Islam, he did not request for any miracle to be displayed. He only asked about the Prophethood and immediately accepted Islam. According to Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم), he had discerned a degree of uncertainty in everyone to whom he had presented Islam, save Abu Bakr who accepted Islam without the slightest hesitation.
In the inceptional stage of Islam, the Sahaabah-e-Kiraam concealed their Deen because of the oppression and persecution of the kuffaar. When the Muslims numbered 39, Hadhrat Abu Bakr requested permission to propagate Islam publicly. After persisting in his request, Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) consented. Taking a small group with him, Hadhrat Abu Bakr went to Baitullaah and delivered a Khutbah. This was the very first khutbah of Islam. Although his prominence and honour were accepted in the community, as he commenced the khutbah, he was so severely assaulted that his face was dyed red with his blood. His nose, ears, etc. were badly wounded. It was difficult to recognise him. He was beaten, pushed and kicked. They did with him whatever they had desired. The severity of the assault rendered him unconscious. His tribesmen brought him home where he revived during the evening. The first words which came to his lips were:
“How is Muhammad (صلى الله عايه وسالم)?”
On hearing these words, those who were caring for him, left. They were astonished and angered because of his devotion for a man who was indirectly the cause of the calamity which he had suffered.
His mother, Umm-e-Khair insisted that he partakes of some food and drink, but he took an oath that as long as he has not seen Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم), he will neither eat nor drink. After the greater part of the night had passed and all was quiet, he went to Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). He cried profusely and so did Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم). The Sahaabah too broke down with grief and were in tears. In this meeting, Hadhrat Abu Bakr requested Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) to make dua for the guidance of his mother. The dua was made, and she embraced Islam the same day.
A separate volume is required to record the life-story of Hadhrat Abu Bakr Siddique-e-Akbar (radhiyallahu anhu) irrespective of the brevity of the biography one wishes to write. How then is it possible to write comprehensively on even one aspect in these few pages? The fact of him being the first to accept Islam is of the greatest significance. This act of his requires considerable elaboration. Then there is the episode of his contemplated migration to Abyssinia. He set out with this intention, but was met along the way by Ibn Daghnah who persuaded him to return. Ibn Daghnah said:
“A man of your calibre can neither be expelled not leave (of his own accord). You are the source of livelihood of the destitute. You are kind to family members. You lift the burden of people. You are hospitable and you aid others in their affairs.”
Referring to Hadhrat Abu Bakr, the Qur’aan says:
“…the second of the two, when both were in the cave (and he) said to his friend (Abu Bakr): ‘Do not grieve. Verily, Allah is with us.”
The companionship of Hadhrat Abu Bakr with Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) is confirmed absolutely by this Qur’aanic aayat. Every word of this Qur’aanic statement attests to the lofty status of Hadhrat Abu Bakr Siddique (radhiyallahu anhu). There are numerous conspicuous evidences confirming his love and devotion for Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). His migration to Madinah Tayyibah in the company of Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) is very significant. What then can one say and write of his excellencies?
In Surah Al-Lail are the praises of the one who spends in the Path of Allah. This pertains to Hadhrat Siddique who rendered his acts of charity for the pleasure of Allah Ta’ala. He also is given the glad tidings of the happiness of Jannat.
He is the very zenith of Sulook, having attained the pinnacle of Divine Proximity and Association. In the beginning of Hijrat he received this absolute announcement. Thereafter, for ten years he remained in the companionship of Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) acting at times as his vicegerent and representative. What can a humble man such as myself (i.e. the noble author) in this fourteenth century write of Hadhrat Abu Bakr’s excellences and lofty status? Never can any pen render justice to this subject.
In his attributes and character he was unique. On the occasion of the irtidaad (reneging from Islam) of certain tribes, he displayed unparalleled courage which stunned even the brave Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) who had cautioned against immediate action. Rejecting the proffered advice of caution, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) taunted Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) for his indecisiveness in dealing with the murtaddeen. He thus said:
أَجَبَّارٌ فى الجاهليّة وَ خوّادٌ فى الاسلام
“What! You were powerful in the time of Jahiliyyah and (now behave) cowardly in Islam!”
Hadhrat Umar’s testimony is ample evidence for the lofty status of Hadhrat Abu Bakr’s knowledge, virtues, generosity, munificence, piety, forbearance, patience, humility, intelligence, expertise in the interpretation of dreams, knowledge of genealogy, prose, eloquence, etc.
Hadhrat Ali (radhiyallahu anhu) said that whoever narrates a hadith to him, he would as a precautionary measure put the narrator under oath, except Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu). He was far above this measure.
This true and devoted companion and successor of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) embodied in him every excellence and qualification to the degree of perfection.
A few anecdotes pertaining to the abundance of his ibaadat and the force of his Imaan which in fact are the basis of the Chishtiyyah, will now be presented.
Ibn Asakir records the narration of Ibn Sireen in which it appears that Abdur Rahman (the son of Abu Bakr), who had not yet embraced Islam, had joined the kuffaar in the Battle of Badr. One day after he had embraced Islam, he said to his father:
“In Badr you were in my line of action. However, being my father, I turned away from you.”
In other words, although he was in position to slay his father, Hadhrat Abu Bakr, he did not do so due to paternal consideration. Hadhrat Abu Bakr replied:
“If you had come in front of me, I would not have hesitated to slay you.”
Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) was originally a trader. According to historians he possessed 40,000 dinars (gold coins) at the time of entering the fold of Islam. He continued to spend his wealth for the sake of Islam until finally he brought whatever was left to Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) for use in a Jihaad campaign. When Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) enquired of the provisions he had left for his family, he replied:
“I have left for them Allah and His Rasool.”
Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) was always awaiting an opportunity to surpass Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) in an act of virtue. On this particular day he had brought along considerable wealth. When Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) asked him:
“What have you left for your family?”
Hadhrat Umar replied that he had left half of what he had owned for his family. The other half was his contribution towards the Jihaad effort. He was under the impression that he would surpass Hadhrat Abu Bakr on this day. But, when he learnt of Hadhrat Abu Bakr’s answer, he understood that he would never be able to surpass him in virtue.
Precisely on account of these manifold excellencies of Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) did Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) say that besides Abu Bakr, he had compensated the favours of everyone else. On the Day of Qiyaamah, Allah Ta’ala will compensate him.
The Strength of His Imaan
Ismaili narrates that Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) said:
“When Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) passed away, the episode of irtidaad occurred in Arabia and people of defective faith refused to pay Zakaat, I went to Abu Bakr and said:
‘O Khalifah of Rasulullah! Be tender with the people and win over their hearts. Terror has struck them.’
Abu Bakr said: ‘I was hoping for your aid. During the time of Jahiliyyah you were very strong and hard. But in Islam you have become weak. In which matter should I win over their hearts? Should I win them over by means of fabricating poetry or by bewitching them? Alas! Alas! Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) has passed away. Wahi has ceased. I swear by Allah that I shall wage Jihaad against them as long as I have in my hand the strength to bear a sword. If they withhold from me even a string which they used to present to Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم), I shall fight them.”
Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) commented:
“I found Abu Bakr firmer and stronger than myself. He had paved the path and this simplified for me the affairs during my khilaafat.”
The Khalifah’s Wages
Ibn Sa’d narrates that Ata Bin As-Saib said that after Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) was appointed the Khalifah, he was going to the market-place with some sheets on his arm. When Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) questioned him, he said: “I have been harnessed into the affairs of the Muslims. I am now going to the market-place to obtain food for the family.”
Hadhrat Umar said: “Let us go to Abu Ubaidah. He will arrange a wage for you.”
Abu Ubaidah was in-charge of the Baitul Maal. Both went to Abu Ubaidah. A sum which sufficed for a middle class Muhaajir was fixed as the Khalifah’s wage. According to some narrations the wage was insufficient for his needs because of his large family, hence it was increased.
Tibrani narrates that Hadhrat Hasan (radhiyallahu anhu) said that Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) during his last illness, instructed Hadhrat Aishah (radhiyallahu anha):
“After my death hand over to Umar this milk-camel and dish which were given to me on account of my khilaafat.”
Thus, after his demise these items were assigned to the custody of Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu). Thereupon Hadhrat Umar lamented:
“Abu Bakr! May Allah have mercy on you. You have imposed a great difficulty on the khulafa who will follow you.”
Hadhrat Umar meant that others will not be able to exercise this high degree of caution.
Abu Bakr’s Death
He was born two years and some months after Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). It appears from some narrations that he was older than Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). However, the Ulama say that this latter view is not correct. When he reached the age of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) – 63 years – he died.
Regarding his last illness, there is difference of opinion. According to Hadhrat Umar’s narration in Hakim, a spiritual grief overtook Abu Bakr after Rasulullah’s demise. This increased by the day until he passed away.
According to Zuhri, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) was given some poisoned food which he and Harith Bin Kaldah (radhiyallahu anhu) ate partly. Both remained ill for a year and died on the same day. Hadhrat Sha’bi (radhiyallahu anhu) said:
“What can one expect from this despicable world? Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) was poisoned and so was Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu).”
Hadhrat Aishah (radhiyallahu anha) says that the 7th Jamadith Thaani, a Monday, was an extremely cold day. Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) after taking a bath became feverish. On account of the cold the fever was severe for 15 days. He was unable to attend the Musjid for Salaat. He died on Tuesday 21st Jamadith Thaani during the night. According to some narrations, he had asked Aishah what day it was. When he was told that it was Monday, he said:
“When I die, do not delay my burial.”
Another narration states that he had asked to be told the day on which Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) had died. When he was informed that it was on a Tuesday, he said:
“I too hope to die tonight.”
The duration of Hadhrat Abu Bakr’s khilaafate was two years, three months and nine days.
Miscellaneous Anecdotes
1) Once when his wife expressed the desire for something sweet to eat, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) said that he had no money with which to buy anything. His wife suggested that they should save something from their daily food allowance. Within a few days the amount saved will be sufficient to buy something sweet. Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) consented. She began saving a small sum daily. After a few days, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) said: “It is apparent that this amount (which was being saved daily from the food allowance) we are receiving from the Baitul Maal is in excess of our needs.” He then took the savings and handed it to the Baitul Maal. He further issued instructions for his wages in future to be decreased by this amount.
2) Once Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) went to the orchard where he saw a bird sitting in the shade of a tree. He heaved a sigh and said:
“O bird! How fortunate are you! You eat the fruit of trees; you sit in their shade and you will attain salvation in the Hereafter without having to give an account. I wish Abu Bakr too was like you.”
Frequently he would exclaim to himself:
“I wish I was the property of a Muslim servant of Allah.”
“I wish I was a tree that could be cut and eaten.”
“I wish I was grass which animals could eat.”
3) Asma’i said: “When Abu Bakr was praised, he would say:
“O Allah! You know my condition better than me and I know my condition more than these people who are praising me. O Allah! Make me better than what they are thinking of me and forgive my evil of which they are not aware. Do not apprehend me on what they are saying.”
4) Once during his khilaafat he was seeing off the army which was proceeding to the land of Shaam. He accompanied the army for a very long distance. His companions said:
“O Khalifah of Rasulullah! You are walking on foot while we are riding.”
Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) responded:
“With these steps I am seeking forgiveness for my sins. These steps of mine are in the Path of Allah.”
5) He said:
“Glory to That Being Who has left no avenue of His Ma’rifat for His servants except their inability of acquiring His Ma’rifat.” (i.e. This inability becomes the avenue. Despite effort, man is unable to acquire Ma’rifat of Allah. Allah Ta’ala ultimately, opens up the way for the acquisition of His Ma’rifat.)
(The inner, deeper and spiritual recognition by the baatini heart of Allah Ta’ala is termed ma’rifat. The bandah cannever acquire divine Ma’rifat by his efforts and worship. The created and finite mind and heart of man are wholly incapable of mounting the Platform of Ma’rifat of the Uncreated, Infinite and Eternal Being. But when this weak bandah yearns for his Beloved Creator and Master and he moves his weak hands and legs in the direction of his Rabb, then Allah Ta’ala taking pity on His struggling servant opens up the avenue of His Ma’rifat. This is the meaning of the afore-mentioned statement of Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu), the greatest Sufi after Rasulullah (Saws) — Translator)
6) He said:
“Once a man has tasted Divine Love, he will have no time for this world and he will feel claustrophobic in the company of people.”
7) During his maradhul maut (last illness) people coming to visit him, said:
“O Khalifah of Rasulullah! Should we call a physician for you?”
Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) responded:
“The physician has already seen me.”
They asked: “What did he say?”
Abu Bakr said: The physician said:
“Verily, He does as He pleases.”
8) Once when a hunter was brought into his presence, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) said:
“An animal is killed and a tree is cut when their term of Thirkullah ends.”
9) Sometimes when the camel’s rein slipped from his hand, he would make the camel sit down, alight and pick up the rein himself. The companions would query: “Why do you not order us?” He would reply: “My Beloved (صلى الله عايه وسالم) ordered me to refrain from asking people.”
10) Hadhrat Anas (radhiyallahu anhu) narrates that sometimes when Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) would speak of man’s creation during his khutbah, he would say that man emerged twice from the place of najaasat (impurity): once from the father’s private organ (in the form of a sperm drop) and once from his mother’s private organ (at birth). This reminder of the reality of man’s lowly origin would exercise a profound effect on the audience. Realising their lowly origin, the people truly understood their insignificance. In fact, they felt themselves to be physically and spiritually impure and contaminated.
11) He would say:
“O people! Cry in fear of Allah. If you are unable to cry, simulate crying.”
12) Once in his khutbah, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) said:
“Where has gone the handsome one whose face was beautiful; who was proud of his youth? Where is the king who had established cities? Where is the brave soldier who conquered in the battlefield? Maut has destroyed them. They are lying in the darkness of graves.”
13) Among his numerous saying are:
“Beware! Never despise any Muslim. Even a Muslim of low rank is great by Allah.”
“I found holiness in taqwa (abstention from transgression); wealth in yaqeen and honour in tawaadhu’ (humility).”
“I heard your Nabi (صلى الله عايه وسالم) saying: ‘Seek from Allah Forgiveness for sins and safety in the Aakhirat.”
“O Allah! Show me the truth and grant me the taufeeq to follow the truth. Let me recognise falsehood and give me the taufeeq to abstain from falsehood. Do not confuse truth and falsehood for me. Do not enslave me to passion.”
“Whoever becomes displeased with his nafs for the sake of Allah, Allah will keep him safe from His displeasure.”
“The greatest understanding is taqwa and the greatest ignorance is transgression and immorality. The greatest truth is observance of trust and the greatest falsehood is misappropriation of trust (amaanat).”
“If you accept my advice, then of the unseen things love death the most because it will come to you most assuredly.”
“When a person becomes proud on account of some worldly adornment, Allah becomes displeased with him (and remains displeased) as long as he does not completely dissociate from that adornment.”
14) Once when Hadhrat Aishah (radhiyallahu anha) recited some heart-rending poetry, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) said:
“Don’t say this. Rather recite this aayat:
“The pangs of death have arrived in truth. This is it from which you would flee.”
HADHRAT UMAR FAROOQ(رضئ الله عنه )
After the demise of Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu), the new khalifah Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) assumed the reigns of the khilaafate by the appointment of his predecessor. The reigns of both the worldly and spiritual leadership came into his hands. His appointment as the khalifah is indeed an interesting episode.
When Hadhrat Abu Bakr’s illness took a turn for the worse and his demise seemed imminent, he summoned Hadhrat Ali, Hadhrat Uthman, some Muhaajireen and Ansaar. He addressed them thus:
“You are observing my deteriorating condition. It has, therefore, become necessary to appoint someone to take care of your affairs after me. If you wish, you may by mutual consultation nominate a man or if you wish, I shall select a man.”
They requested him to appoint a successor.
Hadhrat Abu Bakr then instructed Hadhrat Uthman to prepare a document in which Hadhrat Umar was appointed the Khalifah. Hadhrat Umar said: “I cannot bear this responsibility.” Hadhrat Abu Bakr: ‘Bring my sword. He has disobeyed the order of Rasulullah’s Khalifah.’
He then severely reprimanded Hadhrat Umar who was compelled to accept the khilaafat against his wishes. Soon thereafter, Hadhrat Talhah entered and objected to this appointment. Hadhrat Abu Bakr said:
“By Allah! Umar is the best man for you and you are the worst for him.”
He then proceeded to severely rebuke Hadhrat Talhah and expelled him. He then ordered Hadhrat Uthman to write as follows:
“This directive is being written by Abu Bakr, the Khalifah of Rasulullah at the juncture of his departure from earth and the commencement of his sojourn to the Aakhirah. I appoint after me for you Umar Bin Khattaab as the Khalifah. If he remains pious and just, then this is exactly what I am convinced of (in regard to him). If he changes, then I (have to say that I) lack the knowledge of the unknown. In my opinion I have done the best for you (by this appointment). The burden of a sin is on the one committing it. (He then cited the following aayat).
‘And soon will the transgressors know the direction towards which they are turning.”
His name is Umar and his title is Farooq. His other lesser known title is Abu Hafs. Both these titles were conferred upon him by Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). His genealogical tree is as follows: Umar the son of Khattaab, the son of Nufail, the son of Abdul Uzza, the son of Riyah, the son of Abdullah, the son of Qirt, the son of Razah, the son of Adi, the son of Ka’b, the son of Luway, the son of Ghalib Al-Qurshil Adawi. His lineage links up with Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) in Ka’b Bin Luway.
Hadhrat Umar was born 13 years after the event of the Elephants (i.e. Abraha’s march into Makkah to destroy the Ka’bah). He embraced Islam at the age 27. Before him 40 men and 11 women had already entered the fold of Islam.
His Acceptance of Islam
His acceptance of Islam is a wonderful episode. One day at a meeting of the kuffaar the question arose: ‘Who will kill Muhammad?’ Umar volunteered to execute this task. He picked up his sword and set off. Along the way he met Sa’d Bin Abi Waqqas who asked:
“Umar, where are you off to?”
Umar replied: “To slay Muhammad.”
Sa’d: ‘Banu Hashim, Banu Zahrah and Banu Abd Manaaf will kill you.’
Enraged by this statement, Umar remarked:
“It appears that you too have become a renegade (i.e. a Muslim). Let me first settle with you.”
Thus he drew his sword. Hadhrat Sa’d proclaiming defiantly his Imaan, also drew his sword. As they clashed, Hadhrat Sa’d said:
“Umar, first tend to your own home. Both your sister and brother-in-law have accepted Islam.”
Now, Umar’s rage was beyond bounds. He hastened to his sister’s home. The door was closed, but he heard Hadhrat Khabbab (his brother-in-law) and his sister reciting the Qur’aan. On hearing Umar’s voice, Hadhrat Khabbab concealed himself inside the house. In his haste to hide, he forgot the manuscript on which the Qur’aan was written. When his sister opened the door, Umar who was holding an object in his hand, struck her with full force on the head and blood gushed forth. He shouted:
“Enemy of your life, you too have become a renegade.”
Entering the house, he interrogated her.
“What were you doing? What were you reading?”
Hadhrat Khabbab, emerging from concealment said that they were engaged in conversation. Umar said: “You have reneged from your religion and adopted another religion.”
Hadhrat Khabbab: “If that religion is the truth, then what is wrong?”
Umar ferociously attacking him, dropped him to the ground and mercilessly assaulted him.
When his sister intervened in a bid to shield her husband, Umar struck her on the mouth with a stone drawing blood in profusion. After all, she was of the same mettle as Umar. She blurted out:
“Are you assaulting us because we have accepted Islam. Most certainly, we have embraced Islam. Do whatever you can.”
Umar’s gaze fell on the Qur’aanic manuscript and he said: “Show me what is written in it.”
His sister said: “You are impure. An impure person is not allowed to touch it.”
Although he demanded to handle the manuscript, his sister was adamant in her refusal. She constrained on him to take ghusl. After having purified himself, he took the manuscript in his hands and his eyes fell on the following aayat of Surah Ta Ha :
“Verily, I am Allah. There is no deity, but I. Therefore, worship Me and perform Salaat for My Remembrance.”
This aayat penetrated his heart and his whole being was transformed. He asked to be taken to Muhammad (صلى الله عايه وسالم). Hadhrat Khabbaab exclaimed:
“O Umar! Yesterday – Thursday night – Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) prayed: ‘O Allah! Grant the taufeeq of Imaan to either Umar or Abu Jahl.’ It appears as if Rasulullah’s dua has been accepted in your favour.”
Hadhrat Umar then presented himself to Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) and embraced Islam in the morning on Friday. Hadhrat Abdullah Bin Mas’ْd would say that Umar’s acceptance of Islam was a victory for the Muslims; his migration an aid for the Muslims and his khilaafate a mercy.
Umar’s Hijrat (Migration)
Even his migration is an interesting anecdote which gives a good picture of his courage and bravery. Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah) said that in the beginning people migrated by stealth. When Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) migrated, he strung his sword around his neck and held his bow in his hand. He took along a big supply of arrows. Firstly, he went to the Musjid and calmly performed the tawaaf, then the Salaat. He then confronted the gathering of kuffaar and addressed them as follows:
“Whoever desires that his mother wails for him, that his children be rendered orphans and his wife a widow, should come out of Makkah to combat Umar.”
He then departed. No one dared to oppose him.
His excellences are unanimous. There are numerous issues on which there is unanimity among Muslims. But, there are very few such issues on which there is the consensus of both Muslims and Kuffaar. However, among the exploits of Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) there are many examples on which there exists such consensus.
Even enemies concede his wisdom, intelligence, alertness, political foresight, political administration, awe and justice. Besides his immense awe, there are numerous incidents of his zuhd (abstinence) and poverty. I shall cite a few examples, since it is impossible to enumerate all such episodes.
Inspite of the awe and splendour of his life, he lived a life of extreme abstinence. His garments had several patches. Once someone counted 14 patches on his kurtah. Frequently he could not find a piece of cloth to mend his kurtah. He would then use even a piece of leather to effect the patch. Hadhrat Zaid Bin Thbit (radhiyallahu anhu) once counted 17 patches on his dress.
Two varieties of food would never be served at one time. Once his daughter, Hadhrat Safiyyah, poured some butter on the food. He became displeased, saying that she had added two varieties in a single dish.
Once he was a bit late for Jumuah Salaat. The reason for the delay was the lack of another kurtah to wear. He was waiting for his one kurtah to dry.
Once he said:
“If there was not the fear of Hisaab (Reckoning in the Aakhirah) I would have eaten roasted meat.”
Everyone who has performed Hajj in summer is aware of the extreme heat. But never was a tent or shade erected for Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) on any stage of his journey from Madinah Tayyibah to Makkah Mukarramah. A piece of leather would be spread in the shade of a cactus tree. He would rest thereon.
Once during a severe famine which endured for 9 months he abandoned eating of butter and meat in sympathy and solidarity with the fuqara (poor). He took an oath that he would not eat bread with anything besides olive oil. During this famine he made dua: “O Allah! Do not destroy the Ummah by my hands.”
He would visit people in their homes to ascertain their needs. He would stress that they refer their requirements to him.
His constant and abundant crying formed two dark stripes down his cheeks. He would cry so much in Salaat for the fear of Allah, that his sobbing could be heard by three rows of musallis. At times while engaged in tilaawat of the Qur’aan Shareef he would cry so profusely that his breathing would become difficult. Sometimes he would fall down. Sometimes he would lament:
“I wish I was a goat which could be slaughtered and eaten.”
Sometimes he would hold in hand a blade of grass and sigh:“I wish I was this grass.”
Sometimes he said: “I wish my mother had not given birth to me.”
He would say to people:
“Better than your life in the Aakhirat be suffering is that your worldly life suffers.”
In the beginning there was considerable harshness in him. Precisely for this reason did people avoid coming out of their homes in the initial period of Hadhrat Umar’s khilaafat. Observing this, he delivered a lengthy khutbah in which he said:
“People! I was hard until there were among you kind and beneficent men such as Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) and Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu). The combination of my hardness and their softness has brought about moderation. But, now I shall not be harsh on you. My hardness will be for only the oppressors. O People! If I oppose the Sunnat of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) and the way of Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu), what will you do?”
After he posed this question several times, a man stood up brandishing a sword and indicated with it that he would sever his (Umar’s) neck. This audacity did not anger him in the least. On the contrary, this answer pleased him.
When he journied to the land of Shaam, he was clad in worn-out garments which had a number of patches. It was said to him that high-ranking priests of the Yahood and Nasaara would be visiting him. What will they think of the Muslims’ leader clad so shabbily? Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) responded:
“We are a people whom Allah elevated by means of Islam.”
In other words, our honour and respect are not by means of garments.
Inspite of him having been given the glad tidings of Jannat, the degree of his fear was overwhelming. And, despite his piety and so much fear for Allah he would ask Hadhrat Huzaifah (radhiyallahu anhu), whether Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) had not perhaps mentioned his name too in the list of the Munaafiqeen whose names Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) had revealed to Hadhrat Huzaifah (radhiyallahu anhu).
Hadhrat Umar’s Demise
Abu Lu’lu’, the Majْsi (fire-worshipper) had attacked Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) in the Fajr Salaat. The wound was fatal. Although blood flowed unabated and he would occasionally lapse into unconsciousness, he would perform Salaat in that very condition when the time for Salaat was announced. He said, while in this state:
“He who abandons Salaat has no share in Islam.”
On 1st Muharram 24 Hijri, Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) crossed the frontiers of this earthly abode. At the time of his demise, his head was resting on the thigh of his son, Hadhrat Abdullah (radhiyallahu anhu). In these last moments he said: “Put my head on the ground.” Although his son said that there was nothing wrong in having his head on his (Abdullah’s) thigh, Hadhrat Umar insisted that his head be put on the ground. After this was done, he said:
“If my Rabb has no mercy on me, then I am destroyed.”
Hadhrat Suhaib (radhiyallahu anhu) led the Janaazah Salaat and he was buried alongside Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu).
His khilaafate was for a period of 10 years, 6 months and 5 days.
Miscellaneous Anecdotes
1) The human mind is unable to assess the exceptionally high degree of Hadhrat Umar’s humility. Inspite of being the Emperor of emperors and the king of Arab and Ajam, he was unparalleled in his attribute of tawaadhu’ (humility).
When he mounted the mimbar to deliver the khutbah, he sat on the step on which Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu) would stand. When it was said to him to sit higher on the mimbar, he replied:
“It suffices for me to sit on that place whereon stood the feet of Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu).”
2) One day during the khutbah he said:
“O People! Do not increase the mehr of women. If the mehr is fixed more than the mehr of Rasulullah’s wives and daughters, I shall confiscate the extra amount and hand it to the Baitul Maal.”
An old woman immediately challenged him, saying:
“What right do you have to do so when Allah Ta’ala says (in the Qur’aan):
‘If you (men) have given them mounds of wealth, then do not take back anything of it.’
On hearing this, Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) came down from the mimbar and exclaimed:
“All people have more knowledge than Umar, even the old lady.”
3) The food he ate was such that not even a poor person would be inclined to eat it. Once he had some guests from Iraq among whom was Hadhrat Jareer Bin Abdullah (radhiyallahu anhu). They were unable to eat the simple food of Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu).
4) In a year he would acquire only two sets of garments from the Baitul Maal. The cloth too was of a coarse type. Whenever it would become torn, he would patch it. Sometime the patch was of leather and sometimes of sackcloth.
5) During his stay at Baitul Maqdis his kurtah was torn at the back. He gave it to someone to wash and mend. When the washed and patched kurtah was brought to him a new kurtah was also presented. This was specially made for him. Both these kurtahs were put before Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu). Stroking the new kurtah with his hand, he commented: “This cloth is very soft.” So saying, he returned it and added:
“That kurtah (his own one) is better. It absorbs perspiration well.”
6) One day approximately 50 Muhaajir Sahaabah gathered in the Musjid. They were discussing Hadhrat Umar’s zuhd (abstinence, worldly renunciation, abstention form worldly comforts and pleasures for Allah’s sake – Translator).
It was said:
“Look at Umar in whose control is the empire of Kaisar and Kisraa! His orders operate in the east and west. The delegations of Arab and Ajam visit him. They all see him with a kurtah of a dozen patches. He should be advised to change his dress. He should wear better garments. Garments do create an impression. He should make better arrangements for his food. There should be some elaborate daily arrangement for both meals. The Muhaajireen and Ansaar coming to meet him, should join him in meals.”
Although it was resolved to offer this advice to Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu), no one could muster up the courage to tell him. Finally they decided to ask Hadhrat Ali who being Hadhrat Umar’s father-in-law would be able to advise him. When they approached Hadhrat Ali (radhiyallahu anhu) he declined and suggested that they approach Ummahaatul Mu’mineen (The Mothers of the Mu’mineen, viz. Rasulullah’s wives).
Ahnaf Bin Qais (radhiyallahu anhu) says that they then went to Hadhrat Aishah and Hadhrat Hafsah. Both were at the same place. Hadhrat Aishah (radhiyallahu anha) agreed to tell Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu). But Hadhrat Hafsah (radhiyallahu anha) said that she would not go. But in view of the insistence of this group of Sahaabah both finally went to Hadhrat Umar. They presented an eloquent introductory speech in this matter. He patiently listened to their advice and broke down crying profusely. He recounted the austerity and poverty of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) and both wives cried as well. He then commented:
“Listen! I had two companions. If I should adopt a way which differs from their way which I had observed, I will not be blessed with their companionship (in the Aakhirah).”
This condition of Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) endured to the end. Not the slightest change was admitted in his life-style.
7) Once while Hadhrat Abu Mْsa Ash’aari (radhiyallahu anhu) was sweeping the premises of the Baitul Maal, he found a dirham (silver coin). He gave it to one of Hadhrat Umar’s grandsons who was a little child. When Hadhrat Umar saw the dirham in the child’s hand he enquired about it. When the child informed him that it was given to him by Hadhrat Abu Mْsa, Hadhrat Umar became very displeased. He took the dirham from the child and reprimanded Hadhrat Abu Mْsa as follows:
“O Abu Mْsa! Could you not find a home more contemptible than my home?”
8) Towards the end of his life, Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) started to fast in abundance. He would fast the whole year excluding the 5 days on which it is not permissible to fast. He adhered rigidly to this practise of fasting day after day in succession.
9) In 13 Hijri, the first year of his khilaafate, he appointed Hadhrat Abdur Rahmaan Bin Auf (radhiyallahu anhu) as the Amir of Hajj. Thereafter he went himself every year for Hajj. During his khilaafate he performed ten Hajj. In 23 Hijri which was the last year of his khilaafate, he took along the Azwaaj-e-Mutahhaaraat (The Holy Wives of Rasulullah) as well.
10) His fear for Allah was unparalleled. One day he was reciting . As he recited the aayat (And when the books will be scattered), he fell down unconscious. He remained ill for several days.
11) One day he passed by a house where the owner was reciting Surah Tْr. When he heard the man reciting the aayat: (Verily, the punishment of your Rabb will most certainly occur.)
Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) dismounted and leaned against a wall for a long while. On returning home he fell ill for a month. People visiting him could not fathom his sickness.
12) Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) once despatched the army under the command of Saariya (radhiyallahu anhu). The enemy had concealed a group of their men behind a mountain. When the Muslim army was about to be entrapped, Saariya heard Hadhrat Umar’s voice commanding:
“O Saariya! Be alert of the mountain pass. O Saariya! Be alert of the mountain pass.”
Hearing this command, Saariya was alerted and he took the necessary precautions to advert what would have been a disaster for the Muslim army.
Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) while delivering the Jumuah Khutbah was divinely apprized of the state of the Muslim army, hence he called out to Saariya, commanding him even while hundreds of miles away. By the permission of Allah, the voice of Hadhrat Umar reached the ears of Hadhrat Saariya.
13) It was his practise to go on nocturnal excursions in the streets of Madinah Tayyibah. One night, after considerable trudging, he sat down tired, leaning against a wall. He heard a woman instructing her daughter to add water to the milk. The daughter responded:
“Amirul Mu’mineen has issued an instruction prohibiting the mixture of water with milk.”
The mother ordered the daughter to add water to the milk saying that neither Amirul Mu’mineen nor his announcer is present to see. The daughter said:
“Wallah! I shall never do so.”
14) Hadhrat Abdullah Bin Imran Bin Hafs (radhiyallahu anhu) narrates that once Hadhrat Umar loaded onto his back a goatskin waterbag full of water. When people made some comments in this regard, Hadhrat Umar said:
“My nafs appeared pleasing to me, I, therefore, desired to disgrace it.”
15) Once his son donning beautiful dress came to him. Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) struck him with his whip and the boy cried. When Hadhrat Hafsah asked the reason for beating him, Hadhrat Umar said:
“He was proud of himself. I desired him to understand that his nafs is contemptible.”
16) Hadhrat Abbas (radhiyallahu anhu) narrates:
“A year after Umar’s demise, I supplicated to Allah for him (Umar) to appear in my dream. Thus, after a year I saw him in a dream wiping the perspiration from his forehead. I said:
‘May my mother and father be sacrificed for you! O Amirul Mu’mineen! What is this condition?’ He replied: ‘I have just now been released (from the Reckoning). I was close to destruction, but I found Allah Ta’ala Most Merciful.’ ”
17) Once when he saw an intoxicated man, he desired to punish him, but the man insulted him. Thereupon Hadhrat Umar came away. When he was asked for the reason for allowing the man to go free inspite of the insults, he said:
“His insults angered me. If I had punished him, my nafs too would have had its share therein. I do not approve of punishing any Muslim for the sake of the desires of my nafs.”
18) When Hadhrat Umar would see a male dressed in fine garments, he would punish him with his whip and say: “Leave fine garments for females.”
19) His famous dua was:
“O Allah! Grant me maut in the pure city of Your Rasool and grant me shahaadat in Your path.”
How would he attain martyrdom in Allah’s Path while residing in Madinah Tayyibah, the capital of Islam, was a mystery. However, it was not difficult for Allah Ta’ala, The Cause of all causes, to fulfil a dua which emanated from the innermost recesses of the heart. Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) attained shahaadat while performing Salaat and in the midst of his devoted companions.
20) Once when Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) permitted Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu anhu) to go on Umrah, he (Nabi-e-Kareem) said:
“O my brother! Remember me too in your dua.”
21) It was Hadhrat Umar’s practise to visit the abattoir with whip in hand. When he saw someone purchasing meat on two consecutive days, he would whip him and say:
“Can’t you keep your stomach empty for the sake of your neighbours and relatives?”
By this statement, he implied that one should tend to the needs of neighbours and not be selfishly concerned with only one’s own comforts.
22) Many a time when he desired to eat something, he would delay it for a year.
23) When he passed by a dump, he would say:
“This is your world for whose greed and desire you are perishing.”
HADHRAT UTHMAAN GHANI (رضئ الله عنه )
Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) is the third Khalifah. He assumed the reigns of the khilaafate on a Saturday in Muharram 24 Hijri. He was appointed by the decision of the Ahl-e-Shْra (the senior Sahaabah who constituted the Shْra committee).
According to Hafiz who wrote in Isabah, Hadhrat Uthman was born 6 years after the Episode of the Elephants. He accepted Islam as a result of Hadhrat Abu Bakr’s efforts. When he accepted Islam, Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) gave his daughter, Ruqayyah in marriage to him.
His blessed name is Uthman and his title is Thun-Nurain (the one with two lights). He was thus titled because Rasulullah’s two daughter’s, Ruqayyah and Umm-e-Kulthoom came into his Nikah one after the other. There is no man besides Hadhrat Uthman who had the good fortune of marrying two daughters of a Nabi. After the demise of Hadhrat Ruqayyah, Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) said that he had been commanded by Allah to perform Umm-e-Kulthoom’s nikah to Hadhrat Uthman. When Hadhrat Umm-e-Kulthoom too died in the year 9 Hijri, Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) observed that if he had another daughter, he would have given her in marriage to Hadhrat Uthman.
His genealogy is as follows:
Uthman the son of Affan, the son of Abil ‘Aas, the son of Umayyah, the son of Abdush Shams. His ancestry links up with Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) in Abdu Manaf who had two sons. Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) was of the progeny of the one son while Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) was of the progeny of the other son.
Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) was an embodiment and a treasurehouse of modesty and shame. Even when taking a bath in an enclosed bathroom, his modesty did not permit him to be in the nude. In the presence of Hadhrat Abu Bakr and Hadhrat Umar, Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) would appear with his dress in any state. But, he would take care of correctly arranging his attire when Hadhrat Uthman came into his presence.
Tilaawat and Ibaadat in abundance were his special characteristics. He perpetually fasted. Even on the day he was martyred he was fasting. He would sleep a short while in the early part of the night and spend the rest of the night making tilaawat of the Qur’aan Shareef. He would complete the recitation of the entire Qur’aan in a night.
Inspite of being extremely wealthy, his dress was generally of a very cheap and inferior kind. But, he was very generous in charity. It was his practice to emancipate a slave every Friday. When sometimes he failed to observe this Friday practice, he would compensate the omission by emancipating two slaves on the next Friday.
In view of the extreme difficulties which Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) and the Sahaabah experienced on the occasion of the Tabْk campaign, the name Jaishul Usrah (the Army of Hardship) is famous for this expedition. Exhorting the Sahaabah to contribute, Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) said:
“He who contributes for this army will receive Jannat.”
Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) presented ten thousand gold coins. Seated on the mimbar, Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) transferring the coins from one hand to the other, said:
“After today, it does not matter if Uthman does not render any act of virtue.”
Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) said of Hadhrat Uthman:
“Every Nabi had a close companion. My close companion in Jannat will be Uthman.”
“After Nabi Ibrahim (alayhis salaam) and Nabi Lْt (alayhis salaam), Uthman is the first person who had migrated with his entire family.”
Once Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) had contributed substantially for the army. His contribution was loaded on several camels. On this occasion Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) raising both hands towards the heavens, supplicated:
“O Allah! I am pleased with Uthman (He repeated this thrice). You too be pleased with him.”
The Sahaabah too repeated this dua.
His Demise
The duration of Hadhrat Uthman’s khilaafat was 12 years minus 12 days. He was brutally martyred on 18th Thil Hajj, 35 Hijri. When he was martyred, he was reciting the Qur’aan Majeed. His blood fell on the aayat:
Allah will suffice for you against them. And He is The One Who Hears, The One Who knows.
Long ago Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) had predicted Hadhrat Uthman’s brutal assassination. According to the narration of Tirmizi, once while explaining to the Sahaabah about a great anarchy (fitnah), Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) pointed to Hadhrat Uthman and said: “He will be slain unjustly in that fitnah.”
In another Hadith also in Tirmizi, Hadhrat Huzaifah narrates that Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) said:
“I take oath by That Being in Whose control is my life! Qiyaamah will only come when you have killed your Imaam and shed each other’s blood.”
Miscellaneous Anecdotes
1) Once Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) said to his slave:
“I had twisted your ear. I want you to extract compensation.”
The slave then twisted Hadhrat Uthman’s ear. Thereupon Hadhrat Uthman said:
“Twist it strongly. The compensation extracted here on earth is best. After such compensation, there is no apprehension in the Aakhirah.”
2) Once Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) said:
“Who will purchase the Well of Zire for the benefit of the Muslims? In return Allah Ta’ala will quench his thirst on the Day of Qiyaamah.”
Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) then purchased the well for 35,000 dirhams and declared it as waqf for the benefit of all Muslims.
3) Hadhrat Hasan Basri (rahmatullah alayh) says that during the era of khilaafate he saw Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) sleeping in the Musjid. His body bore the marks of the pebbles on the ground on which he was sleeping. People said: “He is the Amirul Mu’mineen, but look at his condition.”
4) Abdullah Bin Shaddaad (rahmatullah alayh) says that he saw Hadhrat Uthman during the time of his khilaafate on the mimbar delivering the Jumuah Khutbah. The value of the garments on his body on this occasion was not more than 4 or 5 dirhams.
5) Once a man who had gazed at a woman in the street came into the gathering of Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) who said:
“Some people come to me with the effects of zina (fornication) in their eyes.”
Someone remarked:
“Does Wahi descend even after Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم)?”
Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) responded that this awareness is the effect of firaasat (the inner spiritual faculty of the purified spiritual heart capable of discerning such things – Translator).
6) He would say:
“Worship is to safeguard the commands of Allah, to fulfil the promise made with anyone, to be contented with whatever is obtained and to be patient when things are unobtainable.”
“Worldly concern produces spiritual darkness. Concern of the Aakhirah produces spiritual Lightness.”
“The sign of piety is that one considers all others to be saved and oneself to be doomed.”
“The greatest destruction is old-age accompanied by indifference for the Aakhirah.”
“The grave will be a comfort for the one for whom this world is a prison.”
“If your hearts are purified, you will never tire of reciting the Qur’aan and listening to its recitation.”
7) Imaam Maalik (rahmatullah alayh) narrates that one day Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) passed by a place called Hash Kaukab. While standing there, he said:
“Soon a pious man will be buried here.”
The first person who was buried there was Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu).
8) Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) would feed guests from the Baitul Maal. However, he would not join them in eating. Rather he would eat his simple food at home.
9) He would cry much when passing the Qabrustaan. His beard would be soaked with his tears. Once someone asked:
“You do not cry as much when Jannat and Jahannum are discussed.”
He responded:
“I heard Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) say:
‘The grave is the first station of the stations of the Aakhirah.’
Therefore, whoever is successful in the grave will traverse all stations successfully. If he fails here, ahead is only hardship.”
Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) said:
“I have not seen any more dreadful scene than the qabr.”
HADHRAT ALI(رضئ الله عنه )
In the year 35 Hijri after the shahaadat of Hadhrat Uthman (radhiyallahu anhu) the reigns of the khilaafat were taken up by Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah). Since he is the external dimension of Rasulullah’s spiritual munificence (faidh) in the Chishtiyyah Chains, discussion on him is of pivotal importance.
His name is Ali and his nicknames were Abu Turab and Abul Hasan. His title is Asadullah (The Lion of Allah). The following is his ancestral tree:
Ali the son of Abi Talib, the son of Abdul Muttalib, the son of Hashim, the son of Abd Manaf. His lineage links up with Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) in the third ancestral generation, i.e. Abdul Muttalib. It is indeed a wonderful coincidence that the one furthest in ancestral ties (i.e. Abu Bakr) was the closest regarding Khilaafate and the one whose ancestry was closest (i.e. to Nabi-e-Akram) was furthest in the matter of the Khilaafate.
According to Hafiz Bin Hajr who wrote in Isabah, the correct view is that he was born ten years prior to Nubuwwat. He was in fact brought up in the lap of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). He therefore enjoyed an exceptionally high degree of resemblance, close relationship and affinity with the morals, habits and attitudes of Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). All agree that Hadhrat Ali is among those fortunate ones who was blessed with Islam since childhood. However there are differences regarding the age when he had accepted Islam. There are three versions, viz. 8, 9 and 10 years. He would say:
“I commenced Salaat seven years before others.”
According to Hadhrat Imaam Ahmad Bin Hambal (rahmatullah alayh) there is no other Sahaabi whose excellences and virtues are narrated in such abundance as those of Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah). It is the view of some Masha-ikh that on account of the hatred for Hadhrat Ali during the era of Banu Umayyah, the Ulama-e-Haqq would make it a point to profusely narrate his excellence in a bid to counter and refute the opposition. Imaam Nisai and others have in fact complied treatises on the excellences and virtues of Hadhrat Ali (radhiyallahu anhu).
Courage, bravery and dare in the battlefield are among his special qualities while his special occupation was the dissemination of Uloom-e-Zaahiriyyah and Uloom-e-Baatiniyyah.
During the Battle of Khaibar, he received the honour of Hubbullah (Love of Allah) and Hubbur Rasool (Love of the Rasool) from Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم). Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) said: “Tomorrow the flag will be given to the one who loves Allah and His Rasool and Allah and His Rasool too love him.”
Inspite of Hadhrat Ali’s eyes paining, Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) handed him the flag. He rubbed his mubaarak saliva on Hadhrat Ali’s eyes and the pain miraculously disappeared.
His Fear
The fear which overwhelmed him in his acts of Ibaadat and obedience was unique. Numerous episodes of this kind are narrated of Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah) in the books of history. When it was time for Salaat his body would shiver and his face would become pale. When asked about this state, he said:
“It is the time for the execution of that trust (Amaanat) which the heavens, the earth and mountains were unable to bear when Allah Ta’ala presented it to them. But I have accepted to bear this responsibility.”
Kumail narrates that once he accompanied Hadhrat Ali to the qabrustaan. Turning his attention to one grave he said:
“O inmate of the grave! O decomposed one! O one of fear and solitude! What is your condition? It is in our knowledge that your wealth has already been distributed. Children have been rendered orphans and wives have married other husbands. This is what we know. Now inform us of your condition.”
He then turned to Hadhrat Kumail and said:
“If he (inmate of the grave) had permission to speak, he would have said:
‘The best provision is taqwa.’ ”
So saying, Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah) broke down crying and said:
“O Kumail! The grave is a container of deeds. At the time of maut one will become aware of one’s deeds and misdeeds.”
His Demise
Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah) was appointed the Khailfah in the year 35 Hijri. He occupied this post for five years minus three days. On 18th Ramadhaan in the year 40 Hijri, Abdur Rahman Ibn Muljim martyred him in Kufa.
After the Battle of Nahrwaan, three members of the Khaarji sect gathered in Makkah Muazzamah. They were Abdur Rahman Bin Muljim, Amr Bin Bukair and Bark Bin Abdullah. These three evil elements plotted to kill Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah), Hadhrat Muawiyah Bin Sufyan (radhiyallahu anhu) and Hadhrat Amr Bin ‘Aas (radhiyallahu anhu). Ibn Muljim undertook to kill Hadhrat Ali. Amr Bin Bukair agreed to assassinate Hadhrat Amr Bin ‘Aas and Bark assumed the task of killing Hadhrat Muawiyyah. Ibn Muljim succeeded in his evil plot thereby coming within the scope of the aayat:
“He has lost this world and the Aakhirah.”
The other two failed in their evil missions.
Hadhrat Ali’s practise was to proceed very early to the Musjid. On the way to the Musjid he would arouse sleepers by announcing: ‘As-Salaah! As-Salaah!’ One night Ibn Muljim hid himself along the road leading to the Musjid. As Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah) passed near to him, Ibn Muljim struck his forehead with his sword which penetrated Hadhrat Ali’s brain. His beard was drenched with blood. People having witnessed the attack rushed forward and arrested Ibn Muljim. Hadhrat Ali forbade them from killing him. However, he issued the following instruction: Should I survive, I shall do with him as I please. If I die, strike him a single blow as he had done to me. After Hadhrat Ali’s death, Ibn Muljim was executed.
Nabi-e-Akram (صلى الله عايه وسالم) had already predicted this evil event. Once he said to Hadhrat Ali:
“O Ali! Among the former Ummats the vilest man was the one who had cut the legs of Nabi Salih’s camel. The vilest man of later times will be the one who will colour your beard red with your own blood.”
Miscellaneous Anecdotes
1) Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah) said:
“Several days would pass without us having anything to eat nor would Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) have anything.
I was walking along the road when I saw a dinar laying on the ground. I was uncertain whether to pick it up or leave it. Finally I picked it up because we were in dire straits of want. I brought some flour and presented it to Fatimah, telling her to bake some bread. She began to knee the dough. Her weakness was so much that the hair from her forehead was drooping into the basin. Finally, she baked the bread. I went to Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) and explained this incident to him. He said:
“Eat it, for it is rizq which Allah has bestowed to you.”
2) Hadhrat Qais Bin Abi Hatim narrates that Hadhrat Ali said:
“If there is taqwa, no act is insignificant. How can an accepted deed be insignificant?”
3) He would say:
“Whoever is contented with the taqdeer (decree) of Allah will be rewarded for his contentment even though the decree will come to pass (as Allah Ta’ala wills whether one is pleased or displeased). Whoever is discontented with Allah’s taqdeer, his deeds will be destroyed (go unrewarded) while his discontent will not change taqdeer.”
(It is, therefore, futile to be displeased. Man’s displeasure or pleasure cannot change Allah’s Decrees. But, Man’s contentment will be rewarded and his discontent punished although such discontent cannot change taqdeer – Translator).
4) Hadhrat Ali said:
“The world is carrion and its lovers are dogs. Whoever loves to take anything from this world, should therefore associate with dogs.”
Explaining this statement, Allamah Sha’rani (rahmatullah alayh) said that the meaning of the world in this context is a reference to things in excess of needs.
5) Hadhrat Ali (karramallahu wajhah) narrates:
“Once Rasulullah (صلى الله عايه وسالم) emphasised to me:
‘O Ali! Regarding you, two groups will be destroyed. The one group will be those who will become extreme and fanatical in your love and they will praise you for such things which are not in you. The other group will be those who will harbour malice for you. On account of their malice they will slander you.”